Glavendrup stone
The Glavendrup stone, designated as DR 209 by Rundata, is a runestone on the island of Funen in Denmark and dates from the early 10th century. It contains Denmark's longest runic inscription and ends in a curse.
Description
[edit]The runestone forms the end of a stone ship. There are other megaliths in the vicinity, including memorial stones with Latin characters from the early 20th century. In the stone ship, nine graves have been found, but they were all empty.
The runestone was discovered when sand was quarried in the area in 1794, and it was saved in 1808 by the archaeologist Vedel Simonssen when stonemasons wanted to buy it. The last restoration was made in 1958, and the mound it is standing on is modern.
Ragnhild who ordered the stone also ordered the Tryggevælde Runestone (DR 230) from the runemaster Soti. The runic inscription is classified as being in runestone style RAK. This is the classification for inscriptions with text bands with straight ends that do not have attached serpent or beast heads. It refers to a gothi, who was a pagan priest of a vé, a holy sanctuary, and a thegn, who was the head of the Norse clan and a warchief. The rune carver appeals to the Norse god Thor to hallow the inscription. There are two other runestones that have similar invocations to Thor located in Denmark, DR 110 from Virring and DR 220 from Sønder Kirkeby, and three other stones in Sweden, Ög 136 in Rök, Vg 150 from Velanda and possibly Sö 140 at Korpbron.[1] It has been noted that Thor is the only Norse god who is invoked on any Viking Age runestones.[2]
The inscription ends with a curse, similar to the ones found on the Tryggevælde Runestone and the Sønder Vinge runestone 2 in Denmark and the Glemminge stone and the Saleby Runestone in Sweden. There is some disagreement regarding the translation of one of the words in these curses, rita/rata, which has been translated as "wretch," "outcast," or "warlock."[3] Warlock is the translation accepted by Rundata. However, the use of warlock is not that the destroyer would gain any magical powers, but be considered to be unnatural and a social outcast.[4] The concept that being a warlock or sorcerer was an evil perversion predated the Christian conversion of Scandinavia.[4]
Inscription
[edit]raknhiltr
Ragnhildr
'
sa¶ti
satti
'
stain
sten
þonsi
þænsi
'
auft
æft
¶
ala
Alla
'
saulua
Solwa,
kuþa
goþa
¶
uia
wea,
l(i)þs
liþs
haiþuiarþan
heþwærþan
þia¶kn
þægn.
Ragnhildr placed this stone in memory of Alli the Pale, priest of the sanctuary, honourable þegn of the retinue.
raknhiltr
Ragnhildr
'
sa¶ti
satti
'
stain
sten
þonsi
þænsi
'
auft
æft
¶
ala
Alla,
'
saulua
salvia
kuþa
goþa,
¶
uial(i)þs
vialiþs
haiþuiarþan
heþwærþan
þia¶kn
þægn.
Ragnhildr placed this stone in memory of Alli, priest of the Sølve, honourable þegn of the sanctuary-retinue.
ala
Alla
'
suniʀ
syniʀ
'
karþu
gærþu
¶
kubl
kumbl
'
þausi
þøsi
'
aft
æft
'
faþur
faþur
¶
sin
sin
'
auk
ok
'
hons
hans
'
kuna
kona
'
auft
æft
¶
uar
wær
'
sin
sin.
'
in
Æn
'
suti
Soti
'
raist
rest
'
run¶aʀ
runaʀ
'
þasi
þæssi
'
aft
æft
'
trutin
drottin
'
sin
sin.
¶
þur
Þor
'
uiki
wigi
'
þasi
þæssi
'
runaʀ
runaʀ.
Alli's sons made this monument in memory of their father, and his wife in memory of her husband. And Sóti carved these runes in memory of his lord. Þórr hallow these runes.
at
At
'
rita
ræta(?)
'
sa
sa
'
uarþi
wærþi
'
is
æs
'
stain
sten
þansi
þænsi
¶
ailti
ælti(?)
'
iþa
æþa
aft
æft
'
onon
annan
'
traki
dragi.
A warlock be he who damages(?) this stone or drags it (to stand) in memory of another.[5]
Gallery
[edit]
-
Runestone -
Stone Ship
References
[edit]- ^ Sawyer, Birgit (2000). The Viking-Age Rune-Stones: Custom and Commemoration in Early Medieval Scandinavia. Oxford University Press. p. 128. ISBN 0-19-820643-7.
- ^ Page, Raymond Ian (2001) [1990]. Norse Myths. University of Texas. p. 41. ISBN 0-292-75546-5.
- ^ Nielsen, M. L. (1998). "Glavendrup". In Hoops, Johannes; Beck, Heinrich (eds.). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Vol. 12. Walter de Gruyter. p. 198. ISBN 3-11-016227-X.
- ^ a b MacLeod, Mindy; Mees, Bernard (2006). Runic Amulets and Magic Objects. Boydell Press. pp. 225–226. ISBN 1-84383-205-4.
- ^ Project Samnordisk Runtextdatabas Svensk Rundata.